All SQL SYNTAX OF DATABASES 1. HOW TO CREAE DATABASE? SYNTAX- create database database_name; Example: mysql> CREATE DATABASE TOTALSACH; 2. HOW TO SHOW DATABASE LIST? SYNTAX: show databases; Example: mysql> SHOW DATABASES; 3. HOW TO USE DATABAS…

UDP /TCP, Congestion Control, Presentation Aspects User Datagram Protocol (UDP) It provides connectionless service and end-to-end delivery of transmission. It is an unreliable protocol as it discovers the errors but not specify the error. User Datag…

Internetworking, bridges, Internet protocol, Addressing, Routing Protocol Internetworking is the practice of interconnecting multiple computer networks, such that any pair of hosts in the connected networks can exchange messages irrespective of thei…

NETWORK ADAPTERS, CIRCUIT & PACKET SWITCHING Network adaptors A network adapter, also known as a network interface card (NIC) or network interface controller, is a hardware component that allows computers, servers or other devices to connect to …

Link and Medium Access Protocols, IEEE 802 standards, Performance Issues Link Protocol A link protocol, also known as a data link protocol or link layer protocol, operates on the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.  Its primary functions inc…

OSI MODEL OSI stands for Open System Interconnection . It is a reference model that describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a physical medium to the software application in another computer. OSI consists o…

LAYERING AND PROTOCOLS Layering , in the context of networking and communication systems, refers to the organization of complex systems into multiple, hierarchical layers, each with specific functions and responsibilities. This concept is essential …

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DBMS 1. DBMS फ़ाइल के रूप में डेटा को सेव करता है। 2. एक बार मे केवल एक ही डेटा एलिमेंट्स को एक्सेस किया जाता है। 3. एक डेटा एलिमेंट का दूसरे डेटा एलिमेंट से कोई सम्बन्ध नही होता है। 4. Normalization नहीं होता है। 5. DBMS ड…