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यह भी देखें : PET 2025 MOCK TEST

Internetworking, bridges, Internet protocol, Addressing, Routing Protocol Internetworking is the practice of interconnecting multiple computer networks, such that any pair of hosts in the connected networks can exchange messages irrespective of their hardware-level networking technology. The resulting system of interconnected networks are called an internetwork, or simply an internet.  There are 3 main units of Internetworking... 1. Extranet 2. Intranet 3. Internet 1. Extranet An Extranet is a private network that extends some of an organization's internal network resources and services to external users or organizations, typically on the internet.  It's essentially a controlled and secure extension of an organization's Intranet (internal network) to include specific external parties such as customers, suppliers, business partners, or other authorized users. Key characteristics of an Extranet include: 1. Selective Access: Extranets are designed to provide access only to au...

Link and Medium Access Protocols, IEEE 802 standards, Performance Issues Link Protocol A link protocol, also known as a data link protocol or link layer protocol, operates on the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.  Its primary functions include framing, error detection and correction, flow control and addressing.  Link protocols are responsible for packaging higher-level data into frames that can be transmitted over a physical medium. Common examples of link protocols include Ethernet  -  Ethernet एक LAN technology है जिससे आप computers को आपस में connect कर सकते है और एक Local Area Network बना सकते है। Ethernet का standard नाम IEEE 802.3 है। HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) -   Network Points या Nodes  के बीच डेटा संचारित करने के लिए Data Link Layer के Communication Protocols का एक समूह है। चूंकि HDLC एक Data Link Protocol है इसलिए Data Frame में Organized होता है। HDLC Protocol को ISO द्वारा Point to Point Data Links पर इस्तेमाल करने के ल...

OSI MODEL OSI stands for Open System Interconnection . It is a reference model that describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a physical medium to the software application in another computer. OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network function. OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered as an architectural model for the inter-computer communications. The OSI model is divided into two layers: upper layers and lower layers. The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the application related issues, and they are implemented only in the software. The application layer is closest to the end user. Both the end user and the application layer interact with the software applications. An upper layer refers to the layer just above another layer. The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data transport issues. The data link layer and the...

LAYERING AND PROTOCOLS Layering , in the context of networking and communication systems, refers to the organization of complex systems into multiple, hierarchical layers, each with specific functions and responsibilities. This concept is essential for modular design and interoperability. The most common layered model in networking is the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, which has seven layers:  PROTOCOLS Protocols are a set of rules and conventions that determine how data is exchanged and communicated between devices or systems.  They provide a standardized way for various entities to understand and interact with each other. Protocols operate at specific layers of the network stack, ensuring that each layer's functionality is well-defined and can operate independently of the layers above and below. INTERNET PROTOCOLS HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) -Used for transmitting web pages and other resources over the World Wide Web. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Sec...

TOPOLOGY AND ITS TYPES Topolgy is the arrangements that shows how the computers are connected with one another.  TYPES OF TOPOLOGY There are 6 types of Topology... 1. Bus Topology 2. Star Topology 3. Ring Topology 4. Mesh Topology 5. Tree Topology 6. Hybrid Topology 1. Bus Topology - In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single central cable, which serves as the communication channel.  Data is transmitted along this cable and received by all devices on the network.  This topology is less common today due to its limitations in terms of scalability and fault tolerance.  Materials Required in Bus Topology: Coaxial cable or twisted-pair cable (for modern implementations). Network devices (computers, printers, etc.). Terminators (to prevent signal reflections). Steps to Set Up a Bus Topology: STEP-1. Choose a Central Cable: Select a suitable cable to serve as the central bus. In older implementations, coaxial cable (such as RG-58) was commonly used. However,...

Object Oriented Programming (OOP Concept) WHY WE STUDY OOP? OOP is basically a concept of Object & Class. Object Oriented Programming has several advantages:- 1. OOP is faster and easier to execute. 2. OOP provides a clear structure for the programs. 3. OOP helps to keep the code easier to maintain, modify and debug. 4. OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less code and shorter development time. CLASS A class describes the contents of the objects that belong to it. OBJECT An object is an element of a class; objects have the behaviours of their class. PILLERS There are 4  main  pillars of OOP (Object Oriented Programming). 1. INHERITENCE 2. POLYMORPHISM 3. ABSTRACTION 4. ENCAPSULATION INHERITENCE In Inheritance, there is a Parent Class in which we use its properties and methods to its Child Class. POLYMORPHISM Poly = multiple & morph = change In Polymorphism, an object can be changed from one form to another.  A real-life example of ...

CITS EXAM 2024 IMPORTANT TERMENOLOGY POP3 POP3 stands for POST OFFICE PROTOCOL VERSION 3. IMAP IMAP stands for INTERNET MESSAGING ACCESS PROTOCOL. SMTP SMTP stands for SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL. MIME MIME stands for MULTIPURPOSE INTERNET MAIL EXTENSIONS. FTP FTP stands for FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL. HTTPS HTTPS stands for HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL SECURE. SSL SSL is stands for SECURE SOCKETS LAYER. ARP ARP stands for ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL. RARP RARP stands for REVERSE ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL. DNS DNS stands for DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM. TCP TCP stands for TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL. UDP UDP stands for USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL. ICMP ICMP stands for INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL. IGMP IGMP stands for INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL. ALL ABOVE TERMS RECOMMENDED BY RAJIV SIR (GUEST FACULTY 2023-2024), NSTI KANPUR

HTML FOR BEGINNERS CLASS 1 Hello Students, This is Tech with Shraddha and I've Started My New Computer education Channel " Tech with Shraddha " Here I'll give daily shorts, video & Amazing Different tricks with New Challenges. For Business: TechwithShraddha@gmail.com HTML Tutorial For Beginners In Hindi (With Notes) 🔥||class -1 ||#html #htmltutorial Learn HTML & CSS in hindi & urdu language step by step easy tutorial for beginner , in this video i will teach you how you can start designing website or web page using very popular web language html yes if you are a computer student and you are learning coding like c language c++ & java and you also want to learn web programming language html then this easy tutorial will help you to start html coding so that you can start you html & css coding at home this video cover following topics : 1. What is HTML ? Full form of html & use of html language ?  2. How to create html file ?  3. what are tags in...

TECH WITH SHRADDHA Hello Guys, I'm Shraddha... Learn CCC New syllabus 2021 CCC New syllabus 2021 CCC Computer Course Exam Pattern The Exam will contain Multiple Type Objective Questions BY THIS BOOK There will be a total of 100 Questions A passing Certificate will be awarded to the candidate who secures a minimum of 50% marks. The Certificate will not have any marks, it will have Grade System. Candidates can check the Grade System allotment from the table given below: ****Watch More******** CCC syllabus and 😎😎👉👉👉 https://youtu.be/G3IOOBebqJM Introduction to Computer Part -1😎 what is computer ?👍 types of computer ?👍 full form of Computer? 👉👉👉👉 https://youtu.be/rO39q3x7oP8 Introduction to Computer Part -2 types of Computer part -2 😎😎👉👉 https://youtu.be/x36Bb4X1yPc Introduction to Computer part -3 History of Computer 😎😎👉👉👉 https://youtu.be/eTB5hxXVFpE प्रिय स्टूडेंट्स, किसी भी प्रकार की समस्या या कोई भी टॉपिक ना क्लियर हो तो आप हमे जरूर बताए, मै आपकी शिक्षा से सं...

MICROSOFT WORD MS WORD को Microsoft द्वारा विकसित किया गया है जो Microsoft का एक भाग है। इस Software को 2 वैज्ञानिक Charles Simonyi और Richard Brodie द्वारा विकसित किया गया था। जिसे पहली बार सन 1983 में Release किया गया था। इस Software को Microsoft Windows, Apple MacOS, Android and Apple, IOS Operating System में चलाया जाता है। और WANE का उपयोग करके Linux Operating System पर भी चला सकते हैं। MS Word का पूरा नाम Microsoft Word है। तथा इसे Word के नाम से भी जानते हैं। यह एक Word Processor Program है। MS Word Document को Open, Create, Edit, Formatting, Share, एवं Print आदि करने का कार्य किया जाता है। MS Word में बनाई गई File का Extension .doc or .docx होता है जैसे Letter.docx। यहाँ Letter File का Name है और .docx Extension का। MS Word का Executable File Name windows.exe होता है, जो हमें MS Word के Program को Run कराने में मदद करती है। MS Word की विशेषताएं यह एक User Friendly Program होने के कारण इस पर काम करना बहुत ही आसान है। इसमें Document Formatting के लिए बहुत सारे Tools तथा Optio...